Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
Θαλασσινό(ά) βενθικό(ς); oceano-estuarine (Ref. 51243); εύρος βάθους 0 - 475 m (Ref. 6793). Temperate; 61°N - 31°N, 172°W - 116°W
Northeast Pacific: Shumagin Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska to Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Possibly occurring in the Bering Sea (Ref. 6793).
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm 70.5, range 61 - 76 cm
Max length : 152 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 2850); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 59.1 kg (Ref. 40637); μεγ. αναφερόμενη ηλικία: 25 έτη (Ref. 55701)
Ραχιαίες άκανθες (συνολικά): 24 - 27; Μαλακές ραχιαίες ακτίνες (συνολικά): 21-24; Εδρικές άκανθες 3; Μαλακές εδρικές ακτίνες: 21 - 24; Σπόνδυλοι: 55 - 59. Anal spines of adults buried in flesh, third spine closely applied to first ray (Ref. 6885). Head without scales; fleshy cirrus above each eye; large mouth; maxilla reaching almost to vertical from posterior margin of eye. Jaws with small pointed teeth interspersed with large fanglike teeth (Ref. 48751).
Ranges from the intertidal to 475 m depth (Ref. 6793). Adults are found near rocks, inshore and to 427 m (Ref. 2850). Young occur on sand or mud bottom of bays and inshore areas (Ref. 2850). Both migratory and non-migratory populations exist (Ref. 6885). Adults feed mostly on other fishes but also take crustaceans, octopi and squid (Ref. 4925). Young feed on copepods and other small crustaceans (Ref. 6885). A very important sport and commercial species (Ref. 2850). The liver is rich in vitamin A (Ref. 6885). Marketed fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). Has sharp teeth and gill rakers that can cut fingers if handled.
Eggs are deposited in crevices or under rocks (Ref. 6885). Male guards the eggs until they hatch.
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic (Ref. 13513)
Human uses
αλιεία: Εμπορικό(ά); αλιεία αναψυχής: ναί
Εργαλεία
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 4.5 - 8.6, mean 5.9 °C (based on 184 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0002 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm total length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.6 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (tm=4; tmax=25;).
Prior r = 0.48, 95% CL = 0.32 - 0.73, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (56 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 25.5 [9.8, 54.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.351 [0.157, 0.792] mg/100g; Protein = 18.3 [16.1, 20.3] %; Omega3 = 0.589 [0.263, 1.706] g/100g; Selenium = 28.4 [14.8, 68.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 9.37 [2.88, 31.89] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.289 [0.192, 0.446] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
