分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 1 - 150 m (Ref. 26938), usually 1 - 40 m (Ref. 89707). 亞熱帶的; 36°N - 28°S, 98°W - 33°W (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: South Carolina, USA and Bermuda to southern Brazil.
西大西洋: 美國南卡羅萊那州與百慕達群島到巴西南部, 包括 Atol das Rocas。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 14.7 range ? - 24.5 cm
Max length : 44.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 116036); 最大年龄: 11 年 (Ref. 36271)
背棘 (总数): 9; 背的软条 (总数): 14-16; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 9. Body and fins red; many small blue spots edged with black line scattered on body; dorsal edge of caudal peduncle with 2 prominent black spots; a pair of black blotches on tip of lower jaw (Ref. 13608); depth of body 2.6-2.9 in SL; head length 2.3-2.5 in SL; flat interorbital area; rounded preopercle, with shallow notch above the angle with upper edge finely serrate and moderately enlarged, lower edge fleshy; subopercle and interopercle smooth; posterior and anterior nostrils small and subequal; scaly maxilla, reaching to or beyond vertical at rear edge of eye; caudal fin convex posteriorly, corners angular; ctenoid lateral-body scales (Ref. 089707).
身体与鳍红色; 有黑色的线边缘的许多小的蓝色斑点散布在身体上; 背缘尾梗有 2个突出的黑色斑点; 在下颌的顶端上的一对黑色的斑块.(参考文献 13608)
Adults prefer coral reefs and clear water. In the Gulf of Mexico, they are found in clear deep reefs (at least 45 m). At Bermuda and the West Indies, they are common in shallow water, but they usually hide in caves or under ledges during the day. The species is protogynous with females maturing at 16 cm TL and transforming to males at about 20 cm. Males are territorial. Feed mainly on small fishes and crustaceans. May follow morays and snake eels to feed on flushed preys. Wary, but approachable (Ref. 9710).
偏爱珊瑚礁与清澈的水域。 在墨西哥湾，它出现于清澈的深礁中。 (至少 45 公尺) 在百慕达群岛与西印度群岛，此鱼种是常见于浅水区，但是它通常躲在洞穴或岩架下中在白天期间。 此鱼种对被在 16 公分TL 时成熟而且转换雄性于大约 20 公分的雌性感到雌性先熟。 雄姓具有领域性。 主要吃小鱼与甲壳动物。 可能跟随海鳗，而且蛇鳗觅食被惊吓的猎物。 小心的, 但是可接近的.(参考文献 9710)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Mature females transform to males at a length of about 20 cm. Spawning occurs just before sunset over several days, and a male will spawn daily with each of the several females in his harem. Fecundity estimates range from about 150,000 to 282,000 eggs per female; with eggs 0.95 mm in diameter and having a single oil globule. 西大西洋: 美國南卡羅萊那州與百慕達群島到巴西南部, 包括 Atol das Rocas。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.4 - 28, mean 27 °C (based on 474 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00951 - 0.01452), b=3.04 (3.01 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.1 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tmax=11; K=0.14-0.63; Fec=67,000-280,000).
Prior r = 0.62, 95% CL = 0.41 - 0.93, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 24.9 [10.8, 55.0] mg/100g; Iron = 0.454 [0.230, 0.923] mg/100g; Protein = 19.2 [17.4, 20.9] %; Omega3 = 0.268 [0.145, 0.478] g/100g; Selenium = 20.8 [9.1, 42.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.7 [20.5, 244.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.555 [0.365, 0.939] mg/100g (wet weight);
