分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 20 - 150 m (Ref. 9988). 溫帶; 72°N - 43°N, 25°W - 45°E (Ref. 54565)
Northeast Atlantic: Bay of Biscay to Iceland and Norway; Barents and White seas; also Baltic Sea.
東北大西洋: 到冰島與挪威的比斯開灣; Barents 與白海; 也波羅的海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 21.5, range 11 - 25 cm
Max length : 40.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 4705); 最大体重: 1.0 kg (Ref. 35388); 最大年龄: 12 年 (Ref. 27407)
Adults live mainly on sandy bottoms, from a few meters to about 100 m. Feed mainly on crustaceans and small fishes. Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Marketed fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, broiled, boiled. microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
生命主要吃砂质底部, 从几公尺到大约 100 公尺。 主要吃甲壳动物与小鱼。 在市场上销售新鲜的，乾燥或盐腌, 烟熏而且冻结; 清蒸,油炸,火烤, 煮沸。 微波了而且烧烤了。 (参考文献 9988)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
東北大西洋: 到冰島與挪威的比斯開灣; Barents 與白海; 也波羅的海。
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 6.9 - 11.8, mean 8.9 °C (based on 284 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5156 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00688 - 0.00876), b=3.09 (3.05 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.0 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.9 (3.0 - 4.4) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 20
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.3-0.6; tm=2-3; tmax=12; Fec=50,000).
Prior r = 0.72, 95% CL = 0.48 - 1.09, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 17.8 [7.9, 75.9] mg/100g; Iron = 0.294 [0.148, 0.565] mg/100g; Protein = 15.7 [13.4, 18.4] %; Omega3 = 0.319 [0.152, 0.656] g/100g; Selenium = 9.9 [3.4, 35.3] μg/100g; VitaminA = 7.93 [1.59, 40.88] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.339 [0.178, 0.808] mg/100g (wet weight);
