分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 礁区鱼类; 深度上下限 6 - 200 m (Ref. 2334). 热带; 35°N - 33°S, 29°E - 180°E (Ref. 5222)
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to Natal, South Africa and east to Fiji, north to Japan, south to the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819) and northern Australia. Recently recorded from Tonga (Ref. 53797). Appears to be absent from Micronesia, Polynesia, and most islands of the western Indian Ocean. Often confused with Epinephelus chlorostigma.
印度-太平洋: 红海与波斯湾到南非的纳塔尔而且东至斐济,北至日本, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (参考文献 9819) 与澳洲北部。 最近从东加记录。 (参考文献 53797) 似乎不出现于密克罗尼西亚，玻利尼西亚与西印度洋大多数的岛屿。 时常与 密点石斑鱼〔Epinephelus chlorostigma〕 互相混淆。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 20.0, range 19 - ? cm
Max length : 47.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27266); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大体重: 1.4 kg (Ref. 27266); 最大年龄: 15 年 (Ref. 27352)
背棘 (总数): 11; 背的软条 (总数): 15-17; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth less than head length, 2.7-3.3 in SL (for specimens 14-31 cm SL); head length 2.4-2.8 in SL; D XI,15-17; pectoral rays 17-19 (usually 17-18); body scales ctenoid, cycloid scales on thorax and ventrally on abdomen; body with auxiliary scales; anal fin of adults rounded to slightly angular, longest soft ray 2.0-2.6 in HL; gill rakers of first gill arch 8-10 + 14-16; pyloric caeca 11-17; preopercle with 2-7 enlarged serrae at the angle; upper edge of operculum straight or slightly convex; midlateral part of lower jaw with 2 rows of teeth; lateral-line scales 49-53; caudal fin slightly convex in juveniles, truncate or slightly emarginate in adults. Colour of head, body, and fins pale, covered with numerous close-set brown, brownish yellow or greenish yellow spots (becoming smaller and increase in number as growth increases), the largest about size of pupil, those on front of head smaller than those on operculum; pectoral fins pale, with small dark spots on the rays; posterior edge of caudal fin with a distinct white margin (Ref. 39231, 90102).
Usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarians (Ref. 5222), in shallow continental shelf waters (Ref. 27353). Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (Ref. 6390). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feed on fish and benthic invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs (Ref. 4787, 27354). Caught with hook-and-line, traps, and trawls; common in the markets of Hong Kong, Singapore and probably throughout its range (Ref. 39231).
在水浅的大陆架水域中通常发现于海草床或在沉积良好的底部邻近岩礁，死珊瑚或 alcyonarians(参考文献 5222) 上。 (参考文献 27353) 稚鱼是普遍于水深到 80 公尺。 (参考文献 6390) 当这么做的时候，可能在限制的期间产卵而且形成鱼群。 (参考文献 27352) 卵与初生仔鱼可能大洋性。 (参考文献 6390) 捕食鱼与底栖的无脊椎动物, 主要地虾与螃蟹.(参考文献 4787,27354)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
印度-太平洋: 红海与波斯湾到南非的纳塔尔而且东至斐济,北至日本, 南至阿拉弗拉海 (参考文献 9819) 与澳洲北部。 最近从东加记录。 (参考文献 53797) 似乎不出现于密克罗尼西亚，玻利尼西亚与西印度洋大多数的岛屿。 时常与 密点石斑鱼〔Epinephelus chlorostigma〕 互相混淆。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.4 - 28.4, mean 26.9 °C (based on 1165 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01175 (0.00828 - 0.01667), b=3.05 (2.95 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.31; tm=2; tmax=25; Fec = 22,128).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.49, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (59 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (54 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 25.8 [12.1, 55.4] mg/100g; Iron = 0.471 [0.250, 0.945] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.7, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.134 [0.085, 0.211] g/100g; Selenium = 43 [25, 75] μg/100g; VitaminA = 209 [60, 730] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.38 [0.96, 1.91] mg/100g (wet weight);
