分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Leuciscus orientalis Nordmann, 1840 is considered valid in Eschmeyer (CofF ver. May 2011: Ref. 86870). This is allocated to Squalius in Ref. 84537, a valid name, but secondary homonym Squalius orientalis Heckel, 1847 needs a replacement name.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 6.0 - 7.8; dH range: 8 - 25; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - ? m. 溫帶; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 64°N - 35°N, 10°W - 60°E
Eurasia: North, Baltic, northern Black, White, Barents and Caspian Sea basins, Atlatinc basins southward to Adour drainages (France), Great Britain north to 56°C, Scandinavia: southern Finland, Sweden north to abut Stockholm. Mediterranean basin from Var to Hérault (possibly Aude) (France) drainages. Introduced elsewhere, Naturally absent from Italy and Adriatic basin.
歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 25.0, range 7 - 30 cm
Max length : 60.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 59043); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大體重: 8.0 kg (Ref. 2196); 最大年齡: 22 年 (Ref. 41616)
背棘 (總數): 3; 背的軟條 (總數): 7-9; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 7 - 10; 脊椎骨: 42 - 48. Differs from its congeners in France, North, Baltic, Arctic, Black and Caspian Sea basins by the possession of the following characters: dorsal profile with a well-marked discontinuity between head and trunk; a row of black pigments along free margin of each flank scale, forming a regular reticulate pattern, with no or very few pigments on central part of scales; anal and pelvic fins orange to red; dorsal fin with 8½ branched rays; anal fin with 8½ branched rays (rarely 9½); scales on lateral line 40-45 + 2-3; mouth terminal, with well marked chin; lower jaw tip not included in the upper lip; interorbital distance 37-42% HL; postorbital distance 47-51% HL; eye diameter 17-22% HL, 1.5-2.3 times in snout length; body depth 22-27% SL; lower jaw long, length greater than depth of operculum; iris whitish; pharyngeal teeth 2,5-5,2; in stretched anal fin of individuals larger than about 15 cm SL, distance between tips of first and last branched rays usually greater than caudal peduncle depth (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 19 rays (Ref. 2196).
尾鰭有 19個鰭條。 (參考文獻 2196)
Most abundant in small rivers and large streams of barbel zone with riffles and pools. Found along shores of slow-flowing lowland rivers, even in very small mountain streams, and in large lake, undertaking spawning migration to inflowing streams. Adults are solitary while juveniles occur in groups. Feeding larvae and juveniles live in very shallow shoreline habitats. Feed on a wide variety of aquatic and terrestrial animals and plant material. Large individuals prey predominantly on fishes. Breed in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Often form fertile hybrids with Alburnus alburnus (Ref. 59043). Popular with amateur sport fishermen. Can be caught with various baits and lures. The flesh is of poor quality (Ref. 38587).
成魚出現在小溪與快速的流動河, 偶見於湖.(參考文獻 30578) 在波羅地海東部中進入半淡鹹水。 吃藻類, 植物碎屑與已經掉入水中的各種不同的種子.(參考文獻 9696) 也吃蠕蟲，軟體動物，甲殼動物與各種不同的昆蟲幼生; 大的鰷魚吃小魚的相當多數量，例如鰷魚，鰻魚，條魚， roach 魚，白楊魚與條魚類; 也青蛙，小龍蝦，野鼠類與水鳥幼體.(參考文獻 6258) 淡黃色的卵被發現在流動的水依附於礫石，雜草與石頭。 (參考文獻 41678) 受到業餘釣客的歡迎。 能被用各種不同的誘餌與餌捕獲。 肉是有不好不壞品質的。 (參考文獻 38587)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Spawning occurs in fast-flowing water above gravel bottom, rarely among submerged vegetation. Female spawn more than once during a season, individual females spawn with several males. Males assemble at spawning site and follow ripe females, often with much splashing, to shallow riffles. Females lays sticky eggs into the gravel (Ref. 59043). Pale yellow eggs are found attached to gravel, weed and stones in flowing water (Ref. 41678).歐亞大陸: 在從窩瓦河與烏拉河到伊朗的里海流域的西方與底格里斯河-幼發拉底河流域, 廣泛分佈於北海的流域，波羅的海，黑海與亞速海。
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 24 February 2014
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00657 - 0.00799), b=3.13 (3.10 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.7 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.12-0.28; tm=3-7; tmax=10; Fec=20,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.4 [32.2, 102.5] mg/100g; Iron = 0.525 [0.185, 1.180] mg/100g; Protein = 18.8 [17.4, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.633 [0.336, 1.237] g/100g; Selenium = 11.5 [6.0, 22.1] μg/100g; VitaminA = 20.6 [8.6, 52.0] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.56 [0.33, 1.18] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
