分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 7.0 - 7.5; dH range: 8 - 12; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 2 - 85 m (Ref. 121625). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 13371); 74°N - 43°N, 6°W - 169°E
Europe: Caspian, Black, Baltic and North Sea basins; Great Britain; north to about 69° N in Scandinavia. Asia: Aral Sea basin, Arctic Ocean basin eastward to Kolyma drainage. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction.
歐洲: 法國到西伯利亞東部與到科力馬河河。 最近在湖上方與密西根州中建立了。 (參考文獻 3814) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 10.5 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 25.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); common length : 12.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 556); 最大体重: 400.00 g (Ref. 556); 最大年龄: 10 年 (Ref. 59043)
背棘 (总数): 11 - 19; 背的软条 (总数): 11-16; 臀棘 2; 臀鳍软条: 5 - 6; 脊椎骨: 35 - 36. Distinguished uniquely from its congeners by its body depth 24-27% SL. Differs further from other members of the genus by the combination of having a flank yellowish with numerous, small, irregular, dark blotches and having 11-16 dorsal spines (Ref. 59043). Caudal fin with 16 to 17 rays (Ref. 40476). Dorsal fins are fused. Color brownish with dark spots (Ref. 35388).
尾鳍有 16 到 17个鳍条。 (参考文献 40476) 背鳍被融合。 色彩褐色的有深色的斑点.(参考文献 35388)
Inhabits eutrophic lakes, lowland and piedmont rivers. Most abundant in estuaries
of large rivers, brackish lakes with salinities up to 10-12 ppt and reservoirs. In general, its abundance increases with increased eutrophication (Ref. 59043). Reported to prefer still or slow-flowing water with soft bottom and without vegetation (Ref. 59043) and deep water with deposits of sand and gravel (Ref. 9696). Can tolerate some degradation of the environment (Ref. 30578). Can co-exist in deep lakes with Perca fluviatilis. Both species partly occur at different depths with Gymnocephalus cernua being more abundant in deeper layers (Ref. 59043). The membranous external walls of the head canals of this species provide high directional sensitivity; can feed at night in the dark using the lateral line system; feeds on zooplankton, chironomids, oligochaetes and amphipods (Ref. 10999). Pelagic in coastal lakes and tidal estuaries, preying on zooplankton and fish. Spawns on a variety of substrates at depths of about 3 m or less (Ref. 59043). White to yellow eggs in sticky strands are found on rocks and weed in shallow water (Ref. 41678). Used as bait for pike (Ref. 6258). Females live up to 10 year while males up to 7 years (Ref. 59043).
栖息于溪流的湖，静止的池水与边缘。 偏爱深水域，有沙与碎石沈积层的地方.(参考文献 9696) 这种的头部渠道的膜状外部墙壁提供高的方向敏感; 能在黑暗中吃在晚上使用侧线系统; 吃浮游动物，宝刀鱼，蠕虫与片脚类动物。 (参考文献 10999) 在黏黏的滨的白色到黄色的卵在浅水区中栖息于岩石与杂草。 (参考文献 41678) 作为钓矛的鱼饵了。 (参考文献 6258) 能容忍一些环境的恶化。 (参考文献 30578)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Eggs turn adhesive on contact with water and stick to stones or plants. Females lay eggs in two or more portions, usually separated by about 30 days in summer. First portion of eggs is larger the second portion. Larvae without or with only a brief, pelagic larval stage, switching early to benthic life, secretive and solitary, not forming schools. Larval survival is poor below 10°C and above 20°C (Ref. 59043).歐洲: 法國到西伯利亞東部與到科力馬河河。 最近在湖上方與密西根州中建立了。 (參考文獻 3814) 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Kottelat, M. and J. Freyhof, 2007. Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Publications Kottelat, Cornol and Freyhof, Berlin. 646 pp. (Ref. 59043)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 游钓鱼种: 是的; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00955 (0.00874 - 0.01044), b=3.00 (2.97 - 3.03), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.8 (2.3 - 5.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 21
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.1-0.48; tm=1-2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (58 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 32.8 [15.0, 75.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.229 [0.115, 0.452] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.8, 18.8] %; Omega3 = 0.554 [0.198, 1.215] g/100g; Selenium = 9.99 [4.40, 21.18] μg/100g; VitaminA = 37.9 [12.2, 116.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.977 [0.660, 1.466] mg/100g (wet weight);
