分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Eastern Atlantic populations of Bathytoshia centroura refer to Bathytoshia lata according to Last et al, 2016 (Ref. 114953). Species distribution will be corrected as soon as possible;
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 深度上下限 3 - 270 m (Ref. 57911), usually 15 - 50 m (Ref. 4438). 亞熱帶的; 45°N - 35°S, 90°W - 36°E
Western Atlantic: antitropical; from western and southern USA, including the Gulf of Mexico, and Brazil to Argentina (Ref. 114953). Eastern Atlantic populations refer to Bathytoshia lata (Ref. 109651, 114953).
東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉，包括地中海，馬得拉群島與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭喬治亞淺灘到墨西哥灣東部; 巴西南部到烏拉圭。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 116.5, range 66 - 160 cm
Max length : 300 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27549); common length : 125 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 26999); 最大体重: 300.0 kg (Ref. 57911)
Diagnosis: Large specimens of Dasyatis centroura are recognizable by their thorny tails, by the large size and wide spacing spacing of their mid-dorsal bucklers, and by the conspicuous tubercles or bucklers on the outer parts of their discs; in smaller specimens the large tubercles have not yet developed on the tail (Ref. 6902). It differs from Dasyatis sabina, D. guttata and Himantura schmardae in the shape of disc; it resembles Dasyatis say and D. americana in shape of disc, but it can be distinguished from D. say by the fact that the tail lacks any trace of a cutaneous fold above, and from D. americana by its much narrower ventral tailfold (Ref. 6902).
体盘接近四边形的有强弯曲的前边缘，钝的吻.(参考文献 39859) 巨大的体型与背部中央圆盾的空隙, 在体盘的外部部份上的显着的小瘤.(参考文献 6902) 尾部有很多的列小的棘。 腹面鳍褶长的, 但是相当低不被容易地见到, 背部的鳍褶不存在.(参考文献 7251) 背面黄褐色的, 腹面白色或几乎白的。 下表面白色的而且没有深色的边缘.(参考文献 6902)
Dasyatis centroura is a coastal species (Ref. 81259), found over sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 3169). It feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 3169). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 6901). Wings marketed fresh, smoked, dried-salted; used for fishmeal and oil. Harmful to shellfish banks; dangerous to bathers and fishers due to its poisonous spine. May attain well over 100 cm TL. Warm season visitor to coastal waters (Ref. 6902).
发现在沙泥底上了。 吃底栖无脊椎动物与鱼类。 卵胎生的.(参考文献 6901) 翼在市场上销售生鲜、烟熏, 乾燥盐腌; 制成鱼浆与油。 对贝浅堆有害; 对游泳者有危险，而且渔夫由于它的有毒棘。 可能达到 100 公分TL 。 (参考文献 27000) 温暖的季节造访沿岸水域。 (参考文献 6902)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Gestation about 4 months with 2 to 4 young produced in autumn and early winter (Ref. 6901). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205).東大西洋: 比斯開灣南部到安哥拉，包括地中海，馬得拉群島與加納利群島。 西大西洋: 新英格蘭喬治亞淺灘到墨西哥灣東部; 巴西南部到烏拉圭。
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济
工具
特别资料
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网络资源
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 14.6 - 27.7, mean 23.1 °C (based on 772 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00646 (0.00265 - 0.01571), b=3.06 (2.86 - 3.26), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=2-6).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (39 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 12 [2, 54] mg/100g; Iron = 0.627 [0.158, 1.732] mg/100g; Protein = 23 [20, 26] %; Omega3 = 0.272 [0.080, 0.798] g/100g; Selenium = 34.5 [9.9, 96.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 3.84 [1.53, 9.51] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.47 [0.24, 0.84] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
