分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 居于水底的; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 10 - 100 m. 温带; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 61°N - 36°N, 13°E - 54°E
Eurasia: Caspian, Black, Azov and Aegean Seas, ascending rivers to spawn. Occurrence in Albania needs confirmation. Introduced in Aral Sea. Artificially propagated (Ref. 6866). Probably extirpated from Aegean Sea and related river basins (Ref. 113969).
欧洲，前苏联与亚洲: 黑海、亚速海与里海的流域; 稀有的在亚得里亚海。 状态中间物; 人工地繁殖。 (参考文献 6866) 伯尔尼公约的附录 3(受保育的动物群). 国际间的买卖限制 ( CITES2, 自从 1.4.98 以后; CMS 附录 2). 也许灭绝在爱琴海.(参考文献 42845) 在 Evros 或 Maritza 河的发生沿着北方爱琴海的海岸是可疑的.(参考文献 41624)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 120 - ? cm
Max length : 250 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 98365); common length : 125 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 3397); 最大体重: 80.0 kg (Ref. 9988); 最大年龄: 29 年 (Ref. 126409)
简单描述
型态特徵 | 形态测量图
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 40-46; 臀鳍软条: 24 - 29. Snout long, pointed at tip. Lower lip not continuous, interrupted at center. Barbels short not reaching mouth but nearer to it than to tip of snout. Five rows of scutes, dorsal 11-14, lateral 30-36 on each side, ventral 10-11 on each side, with small bony stellate plates and smaller grains between main scute rows. Back dark grey to almost black, flanks lighter, belly white.
吻长的, 顶端尖的。 下唇不是连续, 在中心中断。 触须短不达到嘴但是较接近它超过对吻尖。 五个列的鳞甲, 背部的 11-14, 侧面的 30-36 在两边 , 在两边上的腹面 10-11 上, 有小的在主要的鳞甲列之间的多骨星形的碟与较小的谷粒。 背面深灰色的到几乎黑色的，侧面颜色较淡，和腹部白色的。
At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones and forages on the bottom mostly on clayey sand and intensively in the middle and upper water layers (Ref. 59043). Found mainly near shore over sand and mud, stays at the bottom during the day and rises to the surface to feed at night. Feeds mainly on fish, also mollusks, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 3193). Spawns in strong-current habitats in main course of large and deep rivers, on stone or gravel bottom. Spawning also takes place on flooded river banks and if gravel bottom is not available, on sand or sandy clay. Juveniles stay in shallow riverine habitats during first summer (Ref. 59043). One of the three most important species for caviar; also utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled and baked (Ref. 9988). Overfishing at the sea for meat and caviar will soon cause extinction of the natural populations and their survival can only depend on stocking (Ref. 59043).
主要地发现在沙子与泥上的近岸, 在白天期间停留在底部而且在晚上上升到水表觅食。 主要吃鱼，也捕食软件动物，甲壳动物与蠕虫。 (参考文献 3193) 为鱼子酱的这三个之一最重要的种; 也生鲜利用与冷冻; 吃油锅炸的, 火烤的与烧烤。 (参考文献 9988)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
欧洲，前苏联与亚洲: 黑海、亚速海与里海的流域; 稀有的在亚得里亚海。 状态中间物; 人工地繁殖。 (参考文献 6866) 伯尔尼公约的附录 3(受保育的动物群). 国际间的买卖限制 ( CITES2, 自从 1.4.98 以后; CMS 附录 2). 也许灭绝在爱琴海.(参考文献 42845) 在 Evros 或 Maritza 河的发生沿着北方爱琴海的海岸是可疑的.(参考文献 41624)
Bauchot, M.-L., 1987. Poissons osseux. p. 891-1421. In W. Fischer, M.L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.) Fiches FAO d'identification pour les besoins de la pêche. (rev. 1). Méditerranée et mer Noire. Zone de pêche 37. Vol. II. Commission des Communautés Européennes and FAO, Rome. (Ref. 3397)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
极度濒危 (CR) (A2bcde); Date assessed: 14 September 2019
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.6 - 15.9, mean 13.1 °C (based on 66 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00562 (0.00341 - 0.00928), b=3.03 (2.89 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.06; tm=9; tmax=27; Fec=20,000-360,000).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 16.8 [10.4, 28.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.271 [0.168, 0.429] mg/100g; Protein = 17.8 [15.3, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.385 [0.222, 0.665] g/100g; Selenium = 23.5 [13.0, 45.4] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.05 [1.55, 10.74] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.409 [0.299, 0.552] mg/100g (wet weight);
