Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Sardinella: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia; diminutive (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 350 m (Ref. 188). 亞熱帶的; 18°C - 25°C (Ref. 2945); 47°N - 40°S, 98°W - 43°E (Ref. 54867)
Atlantic Ocean: West African coast (Ref. 2849, 3509, 5286, 121197) from Gibraltar southward to Saldanha Bay in South Africa (Ref. 188, 81269, 81631), especially in the three West African upwelling areas, from Mauritania to Guinea, from Côte d'Ivoire to Ghana and from Gabon to Angola (Ref. 121197); also in Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 188, 6683, 81631) and Black Sea (Ref. 188, 6683). In western Atlantic Ocean from Cape Cod in USA to Argentina (Ref. 188, 5286), including Bahamas, Antilles, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast (Ref. 26938).
東大西洋: 直布羅陀到沙丹那灣，南非。 也已知來自地中海與黑海。 西大西洋: 美國科德角到阿根廷。 巴哈馬，安地列斯群島, 墨西哥灣與加勒比海的海岸.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 18.8, range 13 - 25 cm
Max length : 41.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 825); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大体重: 420.00 g (Ref. 86940); 最大年龄: 7 年 (Ref. 839)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 17-20; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 16 - 18; 脊椎骨: 47 - 49. Diagnosis: Body elongate, usually subcylindrical, but sometimes a little compressed; belly rather rounded, but with a distinct keel of scutes; lower gillrakers fine and numerous, more than 80; anterior gillrakers on lower limbs of second and third gill arches lying more or less flat (Ref. 188, 2945, 81269, 81631). Flanks silvery, with a faint golden midlateral line, preceded by a faint golden spot behind gill opening; a distinct black spot at hind border of gill cover (Ref. 188). The pelvic finray count of 1 unbranched and 8 branched rays distinguishes Sardinella aurita from all other species of Sardinella, also Harengula, Opisthonema, Herklotsichthys and Amblygaster, that occur with it (Ref. 188). It resembles Clupea, but has two fleshy outgrowths along outer margin of gill opening and numerous fine fronto-parietal striae on top of head (Ref. 188).
通常接近圆柱形的, 但是有时稍微扁长形; 腹面相当圆的但是鳞甲明显的。 下鳃耙细且多, 超过 80;(162 到 248 在 23 到 28 公分 SL 的西非标本) 在说谎约略的第二个与第三个鳃弓的下肢上的前面的鳃耙平坦的.(强烈地在 S. brasiliensis 卷曲) 腹鳍鳍条计数 8 区别它和所有的其他种的 沙丁鱼， Harengula ， Opisthonema, Herklotsichthys 与随着它发生的 Amblygaster。 与 Clupea 相似但是在头顶上使二个肉质的自然发展沿着鳃裂与很多的细额顶骨陷纹的外缘。 侧面银色的有一条模糊的金侧面中央的线; 在鳃裂后面的一个模糊的金斑点; 在鳃盖的后部边缘的黑色斑点.(参考文献 188) 背面蓝灰色的, 有时呈绿色的。 侧边银色到黄铜色的, 没有斑点或条纹。 身体非常细长的。 鳞片易脱落的.(参考文献 7251)
A coastal, pelagic, species preferring clear saline waters, usually with maximum temperatures below 24°C (Ref. 27121). Found inshore and near surface to edge of shelf and down to 350m, or perhaps even deeper; schooling and strongly migratory, often rising to surface at night and dispersing (Ref. 188, 6683). It is a cold water species, temperatures between 18-25°C, approaching the coast and shoaling near the surface in the period of upwelling, but retreating below the thermocline in the hot season, down to depths of 200 to 300m (Ref. 2945, 3259). It feeds mainly on zooplankton, especially copepods and larvae of mysids, but also some phytoplankton, especially by juveniles (Ref. 188, 27121, 86940). It breeds perhaps at all times of the year, but with distinct peaks; the breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (Ref. 188). There is no spawning in Black Sea (Ref. 6683). The juveniles tend to stay in nursery areas, but on maturity rejoin adult stocks in the colder offshore waters (Ref. 188). Trematode found in intestinal tract (Ref. 37032).
在沿岸水域从沿海地区到大陆架边缘内形成鱼群。 偏爱清澈的盐水最低温度小于 24个 ° C. 稚鱼倾向停留于繁殖场, 但是在成熟的时候再加入外海的成鱼群。 强烈的回游性, 时常上升到水面在晚上和分散。 主要吃浮游动物, 尤其桡脚类的动物。 稚鱼吃浮游植物。 (参考文献 27121) 繁殖也许一整年, 但是有明显的峰巅。 在一些地区有二个主要的产卵期。 在市场上销售生鲜地了或罐装的.(参考文献 188) 吸虫发现于肠道了。 (参考文献 37032)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
The breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (linked with upwelling regimes off west Africa). 東大西洋: 直布羅陀到沙丹那灣，南非。 也已知來自地中海與黑海。 西大西洋: 美國科德角到阿根廷。 巴哈馬，安地列斯群島, 墨西哥灣與加勒比海的海岸.(參考文獻 26938)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 诱饵: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 26.3, mean 18.8 °C (based on 552 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00630 - 0.00834), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.5 (2.1 - 3.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.25-1.2; tm=1; tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.16, Based on 12 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (7 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 89 [50, 191] mg/100g; Iron = 1.46 [0.87, 2.44] mg/100g; Protein = 21.6 [20.9, 22.4] %; Omega3 = 0.541 [0.271, 1.052] g/100g; Selenium = 63.2 [32.8, 112.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.2, 39.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.656 [0.490, 0.983] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
