Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Sardinella: Latin and Greek, sarda = sardine; name related to the island of Sardinia; diminutive (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Valenciennes.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 350 m (Ref. 188). 亞熱帶的; 18°C - 25°C (Ref. 2945); 47°N - 40°S, 98°W - 43°E (Ref. 54867)
Atlantic Ocean: West African coast (Ref. 2849, 3509, 5286, 121197) from Gibraltar southward to Saldanha Bay in South Africa (Ref. 188, 81269, 81631), especially in the three West African upwelling areas, from Mauritania to Guinea, from Côte d'Ivoire to Ghana and from Gabon to Angola (Ref. 121197); also in Mediterranean Sea (Ref. 188, 6683, 81631) and Black Sea (Ref. 188, 6683). In western Atlantic Ocean from Cape Cod in USA to Argentina (Ref. 188, 5286), including Bahamas, Antilles, Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast (Ref. 26938).
東大西洋: 直布羅陀到沙丹那灣，南非。 也已知來自地中海與黑海。 西大西洋: 美國科德角到阿根廷。 巴哈馬，安地列斯群島, 墨西哥灣與加勒比海的海岸.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 18.8, range 13 - 25 cm
Max length : 41.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 825); common length : 25.0 cm SL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 188); 最大體重: 420.00 g (Ref. 86940); 最大年齡: 7 年 (Ref. 839)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 17-20; 臀棘 0; 臀鰭軟條: 16 - 18; 脊椎骨: 47 - 49. Diagnosis: Body elongate, usually subcylindrical, but sometimes a little compressed; belly rather rounded, but with a distinct keel of scutes; lower gillrakers fine and numerous, more than 80; anterior gillrakers on lower limbs of second and third gill arches lying more or less flat (Ref. 188, 2945, 81269, 81631). Flanks silvery, with a faint golden midlateral line, preceded by a faint golden spot behind gill opening; a distinct black spot at hind border of gill cover (Ref. 188). The pelvic finray count of 1 unbranched and 8 branched rays distinguishes Sardinella aurita from all other species of Sardinella, also Harengula, Opisthonema, Herklotsichthys and Amblygaster, that occur with it (Ref. 188). It resembles Clupea, but has two fleshy outgrowths along outer margin of gill opening and numerous fine fronto-parietal striae on top of head (Ref. 188).
通常接近圓柱形的, 但是有時稍微扁長形; 腹面相當圓的但是鱗甲明顯的。 下鰓耙細且多, 超過 80;(162 到 248 在 23 到 28 公分 SL 的西非標本) 在說謊約略的第二個與第三個鰓弓的下肢上的前面的鰓耙平坦的.(強烈地在 S. brasiliensis 捲曲) 腹鰭鰭條計數 8 區別它和所有的其他種的 沙丁魚， Harengula ， Opisthonema, Herklotsichthys 與隨著它發生的 Amblygaster。 與 Clupea 相似但是在頭頂上使二個肉質的自然發展沿著鰓裂與很多的細額頂骨陷紋的外緣。 側面銀色的有一條模糊的金側面中央的線; 在鰓裂後面的一個模糊的金斑點; 在鰓蓋的後部邊緣的黑色斑點.(參考文獻 188) 背面藍灰色的, 有時呈綠色的。 側邊銀色到黃銅色的, 沒有斑點或條紋。 身體非常細長的。 鱗片易脫落的.(參考文獻 7251)
A coastal, pelagic, species preferring clear saline waters, usually with maximum temperatures below 24°C (Ref. 27121). Found inshore and near surface to edge of shelf and down to 350m, or perhaps even deeper; schooling and strongly migratory, often rising to surface at night and dispersing (Ref. 188, 6683). It is a cold water species, temperatures between 18-25°C, approaching the coast and shoaling near the surface in the period of upwelling, but retreating below the thermocline in the hot season, down to depths of 200 to 300m (Ref. 2945, 3259). It feeds mainly on zooplankton, especially copepods and larvae of mysids, but also some phytoplankton, especially by juveniles (Ref. 188, 27121, 86940). It breeds perhaps at all times of the year, but with distinct peaks; the breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (Ref. 188). There is no spawning in Black Sea (Ref. 6683). The juveniles tend to stay in nursery areas, but on maturity rejoin adult stocks in the colder offshore waters (Ref. 188). Trematode found in intestinal tract (Ref. 37032).
在沿岸水域從沿海地區到大陸棚邊緣內形成魚群。 偏愛清澈的鹽水最低溫度小於 24個 ° C. 稚魚傾向停留於繁殖場, 但是在成熟的時候再加入外海的成魚群。 強烈的迴游性, 時常上升到水面在晚上和分散。 主要吃浮游動物, 尤其橈腳類的動物。 稚魚吃浮游植物。 (參考文獻 27121) 繁殖也許一整年, 但是有明顯的峰巔。 在一些地區有二個主要的產卵期。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了或罐裝的.(參考文獻 188) 吸蟲發現於腸道了。 (參考文獻 37032)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
The breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (linked with upwelling regimes off west Africa). 東大西洋: 直布羅陀到沙丹那灣，南非。 也已知來自地中海與黑海。 西大西洋: 美國科德角到阿根廷。 巴哈馬，安地列斯群島, 墨西哥灣與加勒比海的海岸.(參考文獻 26938)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人類使用
漁業: 高經濟性; 誘餌: usually
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 13.3 - 26.3, mean 18.8 °C (based on 552 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00630 - 0.00834), b=3.03 (3.00 - 3.06), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 2.5 (2.1 - 3.1) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 31
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增時間少於 15個月 (K=0.25-1.2; tm=1; tmax=7).
Prior r = 0.74, 95% CL = 0.46 - 1.16, Based on 12 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (7 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 89 [50, 191] mg/100g; Iron = 1.46 [0.87, 2.44] mg/100g; Protein = 21.6 [20.9, 22.4] %; Omega3 = 0.541 [0.271, 1.052] g/100g; Selenium = 63.2 [32.8, 112.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.1 [4.2, 39.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.656 [0.490, 0.983] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
