Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecology
Marine; pelagic-neritic; depth range 0 - 200 m (Ref. 5286). Subtropical; 23°S - 35°S, 12°E - 31°E
Southeastern Atlantic to Western Indian Ocean: southern Africa (Walvis Bay to Durban) to southern Angola.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 22.0 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 91762)
Dorsal
spines
(total): 0;
Dorsal
soft rays
(total): 18-20;
Anal
spines: 0;
Anal
soft rays: 12 - 13;
Vertebrae: 50. Numerous branchiostegal rays (11 to 15); without pre-and post pelvic scutes; W-shaped pelvic scute; rectangular pre-maxillae; pelvic fins less advanced and the isthmus with lateral flanges or `shoulders' as compared to Dussumieria.
Mainly an inshore species. Often forms shoals together with pilchard (Ref. 27121). Feeds on larger types of zooplankton (Ref. 27121).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
DiBattista, J.D., J.E. Randall and B.W. Bowen, 2012. Review of the round herrings of the genus Etrumeus (Clupeidae: Dussumieriinae) of Africa, with descriptions of two new species. Cybium 36(3):447-460. (Ref. 91762)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 125652)
Threat to humans
Harmless
Human uses
Fisheries: highly commercial
More information
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingNutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 11.7 - 20.2, mean 15.6 °C (based on 31 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5098 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00212 - 0.01134), b=3.10 (2.89 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.4 ±0.45 se; based on food items.
Resilience (Ref.
120179): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (K=0.7).
Prior r = 1.19, 95% CL = 0.79 - 1.79, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (17 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 191 [97, 392] mg/100g ; Iron = 2.35 [1.23, 4.14] mg/100g ; Protein = 20.7 [19.4, 21.9] % ; Omega3 = 0.436 [0.199, 0.846] g/100g ; Selenium = 26.4 [12.9, 56.2] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 10.9 [3.3, 34.0] μg/100g ; Zinc = 1.16 [0.75, 1.86] mg/100g (wet weight);