| Main Ref. | Thresher, R.E., 1984 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | monogamy:obligate |
| Spawning frequency | |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Ref. |
| Reproductive guild |
bearers external brooders |
| Parental Care | paternal |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Mouthbrooders (Ref. 240). Distinct pairing during courtship and spawning (Ref. 205). Displays obligate monogamy where a one-to-one pair is established irrespective of resource abundance (Ref. 52884). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |