Main Ref. | Balon, E.K., 1990 |
Mode | dioecism |
Fertilization | external |
Mating type | |
Spawning frequency | one clear seasonal peak per year |
Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Fitch, J.E. and R.J. Lavenberg, 1971 |
Reproductive guild |
nonguarders brood hiders |
Parental Care | maternal |
Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Demersal spawners. Spawn at night on sand beaches at high tides in the spring and summer. Eggs are buried in moist sand by the female parent (Ref. 58332) and hatch about 15 days later during the next series of high tides (Ref. 2850). Females spawn 4 to 8 times during a season (Ref. 4563). |
Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |