| Main Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | |
| Spawning frequency | Variable throughout range |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Koli, L., 1990 |
| Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Parental Care | none |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Some spawn almost year round but mainly in spring and summer, near to the coast or up to 100 km out to sea, the young drifting inshore. Individual period of spawning takes about two months (Ref. 92054). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |