| Spawning sites are found in shallow water, from the very edge of the high-tide line to a depth of about 7 m, mostly over vegetation, or on brush, pilings or rocks (Ref. 27547). Spawning activity is roughly related to temperature and occurs at water temperatures between 3° and 12.3°C (Ref. 27547). Winter spawning occurs at the southern end of its range, and occurs progressively later in the year in more northern populations (Ref. 11514, 11547, 11548). Fecundity is related to size and age, with northern fish apparently producing more eggs than southern one of the same size (Ref. 11536), although there is considerable variation among populations (Ref. 11527). Maximum number of eggs in this record is from a fish from Peter the Great Bay, near Vladivostok (Ref. 11527, citing Russian data). |