Ecology Summary - Epinephelus coioides

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Main Ref.	Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991
Remarks	Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390). Inhabit turbid coastal reefs (Ref. 9710) and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 27362) over mud and rubble (Ref. 6390). Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and gravel and among mangroves (Refs. 6390, 127989). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. 30°C temperatures and 3% salinities provide peak survival environments. Dwells in benthic, rocky substrates and along the continental slope (Ref. 127989).

Main Ref.

Randall, J.E. and P.C. Heemstra, 1991

Remarks

Probably make frequent use of shelters, suggesting an 'ambush' method of feeding (Ref. 6390). Inhabit turbid coastal reefs (Ref. 9710) and are often found in brackish water (Ref. 27362) over mud and rubble (Ref. 6390). Juveniles are common in shallow waters of estuaries over sand, mud and gravel and among mangroves (Refs. 6390, 127989). Probably spawn during restricted periods and form aggregations when doing so (Ref. 27352). Eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic (Ref. 6390). Feeds mainly on fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods. 30°C temperatures and 3% salinities provide peak survival environments. Dwells in benthic, rocky substrates and along the continental slope (Ref. 127989).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Epinephelus coioides may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Soft Bottom: mud; Hard Bottom: rocky; rubble;
Substrate Ref.	Letourneur, Y., P. Chabanet, P. Durville, M. Taquet, E. Teissier, M. Parmentier, J.-C. Quéro and K. Pothin, 2004
Special habitats	Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Broad, G., 2003

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Parrish, J.D., 1987
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Parrish, J.D., 1987

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	4.00				Troph of adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	4.05	0.62			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Kulbicki, M., Y.-M. Bozec, P. Labrosse, Y. Letourneur, G. Mou-Tham and L. Wantiez, 2005

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