Main Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
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Remarks | Inhabits shallow coastal waters, estuaries and bays, over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 3237). Often in schools, except large individuals which are solitary (Ref. 7251). Dorsal fin may show above surface (Ref. 42064). More or less pelagic but feeds on benthic worms, crustaceans, and mollusks (Ref. 2850), also on cephalopods and fish (Ref. 26338). Tolerates oxygen poor water by inhaling air into a lung-like airbladder (Ref. 9710). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
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Substrate Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1978 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 3.73 | 0.28 | 3.62 | 0.53 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.66 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Crabtree, R.E., C. Stevens, D. Snodgrass and F.J. Stengard, 1998 |