| Main Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
|---|---|
| Anmärkningar | Abundant in all inshore habitats where there is adequate cover, such as seagrass beds and reef flats. Feeds on mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms (Ref. 36453). Generally common (Ref. 9710). Omnivore (Ref. 57616). Predominantly inhabits sandy substrates (Ref. 128694). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
| Special habitats | Beds: sea grass; |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Sazima, I., R.L. Moura and C. Sazima, 1999 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Cleaned by Pomacanthus paru observed at the reefs of the Abrolhos Archipelago, off eastern Brazil (Ref. 40094). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| Typ av föda | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Födosöksstrategi | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 |
| Estimation method | Ursprungligt prov | Ofiskad population | Kommentar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Från födosammansättning | 3.27 | 0.17 | 3.18 | 0.49 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| Från individuella födoämnen | 3.50 | 0.44 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Randall, J.E., 1967 | ||||