主要参考文献 | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
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附注 | In some areas, it is found to concentrate near rips (usually occurring at interface between different masses of water ) or weed lines. Its differential distribution is also influenced by bottom topography. This species is generally not considered a schooling fish and most often occurs solitarily or in pairs 'tailing' with only the dorsal lobe of their caudal fins showing. However, small schools of 5 to 12 fish are occasionally seen feeding on schools of bait, or tailing, but loose aggregations of numerous fish scattered over fairly large areas are most typical. May school according to size or sex at various seasons of the year. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Nakamura, I., 1985 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 4.49 | 0.38 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. | ||
从个别的食物项目 | 4.46 | 0.84 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | JĂșnior, T.V., C.M. Vooren and R.P. Lessa, 2004 |