主要参考文献 | Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994 |
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附注 | Occurs offshore, on the outer shelf and uppermost slope; sometimes close inshore (Ref. 5578). Found on sandy bottoms, in bays, harbors, and near rocky reefs(Ref. 12951). Often in aggregations. Feeds on fishes, bivalves, squid, and crustaceans. |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic; Soft Bottom |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Michael, S.W., 1993 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Michael, S.W., 1993 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | |||||
从个别的食物项目 | 3.88 | 0.45 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 |