| 主要參考文獻 | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
|---|---|
| 附註 | Juveniles are typically euryphagous. They feed on planktonic and benthic organisms. Food spectrum narrows during migration from the river to the sea. Diet composition is determined by river conditions and by the hydrological conditions of the coastal region of the sea, particularly the water level in the river and the tide cycle, as well as illumination at night (Ref. 9027). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| 參考文獻 | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| 攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
| 攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Karpenko, V.I. and E.T. Nikolaeva, 1989 |
| Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| 從食物內容 | 3.74 | 0.19 | 3.45 | 0.46 | Troph of juv./adults from 3 studies. |
| 從個別的食物項目 | 3.54 | 0.41 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| 參考文獻 | Sobolevskii, E.I. and I.A. Senchenko, 1996 | ||||