主要參考文獻 | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
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附註 | Inhabits clear reefs (Ref. 9710). Feeds on crustaceans and sea urchins (Ref. 3798). Mobile invertebrates feeder (Ref. 57616). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Lieske, E. and R. Myers, 1994 |
參考文獻 | Cervigón, F., R. Cipriani, W. Fischer, L. Garibaldi, M. Hendrickx, A.J. Lemus, R. Márquez, J.M. Poutiers, G. Robaina and B. Rodriguez, 1992 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Forms dense schools (Ref. 5217). |
Parasitism |
攝取食物的類型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Courtenay, W.R. and H.F. Sahlman, 1978 |
攝取食物的習慣 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2005 |
Estimation method | 最初的樣本 | 不捕獲族群 | 附註 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
從食物內容 | |||||
從個別的食物項目 | 3.26 | 0.34 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
參考文獻 |