| المرجع الرئيسي | Ebert, D.A., 1991 |
|---|---|
| ملاحظات | Inhabits coastal waters and are commonly found in bays but may enter rivers in the spring to spawn (Ref. 2850). Coastal schooling species and anadromous (Ref. 5951); some populations are landlocked (Ref. 7251). Larvae feed on zooplankton; juveniles take in small shrimps and other crustaceans, annelid worms, and insects; adults feed on a wide variety of fishes and invertebrates, mainly crustaceans (Ref. 1998). Feeding ceases shortly before spawning (Ref. 1998). Juveniles are preyed upon by Atlantic tomcod, Atlantic cod, silver hake and larger striped bass. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrate | |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| مرجع | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Parasites of the species include trematodes, Homalometran pallidum, Lepocreadium setiferoides and Stephanostomum tenue; acanthocephalans, Echinorhynchus gadi and Neoechinorhynchus rutili and a nematode, Philometra rubra (Ref. 5951). |
| Parasitism |
| نوع التغذية | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Ebert, D.A., 1991 |
| العادات الغذائية | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |
| Estimation method | العينة الأصلية | مجتمعات لم يتم صيدها | ملاحظة | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| من التركيبة الغذائية | 4.65 | 0.25 | 4.35 | 0.72 | Troph of adults from 4 studies. |
| من العناصر الغذائية المفردة | 4.49 | 1.08 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| مرجع | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||