| Hoofdreferentie | Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986 |
|---|---|
| Opmerkingen | Found in shallow coastal waters, usually over hard or sandy bottoms. Juveniles may be encountered in estuarine areas (Ref. 9626) and off sandy beaches (Ref. 5217). Feeds on small crabs, shrimps, fishes, and worms and other benthic crustaceans (Ref. 26338). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Ondergrond | : sand; Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Speciale habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | Coupal, L., E. Bédard, C. Peguero and I.S. Durante, 1992 |
|---|---|
| Associaties | schooling; |
| Geassocieerd met | |
| Opmerkingen in verband met associaties | Forms schools, but may be encountered in small groups or in pairs (Ref. 26235). |
| Parasitisme |
| Voedingstype | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| Voedingsgewoonte | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Sierra, L.M., R. Claro and O.A. Popova, 1994 |
| Estimation method | Origineel staal | Onbeviste populatie | Opmerking | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Op basis van dieetsamenstelling | 4.29 | 0.35 | 4.20 | 0.55 | Troph of juv./adults from 1 study. |
| Op basis van individuele voedselitems | 3.67 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Gómez-Canchong, P., L. Manjarrés M., L.O. Duarte and J. Altamar, 2004 | ||||