Ecology Summary - Hemiramphus far

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Main Ref.	Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990
Anmärkningar	Surface-dwelling omnivores (Also Ref. 9773). Lives in coastal waters of high islands and continental shorelines (Ref. 1602); also inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 1937, 58534). Present in seagrass beds at all life stages (Ref. 41878). Feeds on fish, plants, and zooplankton (Refs. 1602, 127989, 9773). Schooling species. Epipelagic inshore (Ref. 127989). Dwells in shallow waters, at the lee of coral reefs (Ref. 9773).

Main Ref.

Randall, J.E., G.R. Allen and R.C. Steene, 1990

Anmärkningar

Surface-dwelling omnivores (Also Ref. 9773). Lives in coastal waters of high islands and continental shorelines (Ref. 1602); also inhabits coral reefs (Ref. 1937, 58534). Present in seagrass beds at all life stages (Ref. 41878). Feeds on fish, plants, and zooplankton (Refs. 1602, 127989, 9773). Schooling species. Epipelagic inshore (Ref. 127989). Dwells in shallow waters, at the lee of coral reefs (Ref. 9773).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	Flodmynningar/laguner/bräckta havsområden mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds Grottor uteslutande

Highighted items on the list are where Hemiramphus far may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic: demersal; Pelagic;
Substrate Ref.	Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021
Special habitats	Beds: sea grass; Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.	Broad, G., 2003

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Föda

Typ av föda	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Myers, R.F., 1991
Födosöksstrategi	variable
Feeding habit Ref.	Myers, R.F., 1991

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Ursprungligt prov		Ofiskad population		Kommentar
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Kommentar
Från födosammansättning
Från individuella födoämnen	2.69	0.30			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.

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