| อ้างอิงหลัก | Banister, K., 1986 |
|---|---|
| ข้อสังเกต | Shoaling species outside the breeding season, especially when young. Inhabits vegetated areas, usually over mud or sand (Ref. 5723). In the sea, confined to coastal waters. Forms schools. Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Anadromous and nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on worms, crustaceans, larvae and adult aquatic insects, drowned aerial insects, and small fishes; has also been reported to feed on their own fry and eggs (Ref. 1998). Length in freshwater is 8 cm while in saltwater is 11 cm (Ref. 35388). Preyed upon by American mergansers. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; mud; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
| Special habitats | vegetation |
| Special habitats Ref. | Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991 |
| อ้างอิง | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | Young associated with drifting seaweed (Ref. 12114, 12115). Parasites of the species include 5 protozoans, 2 myxosporidians, 4 monogeneans, 12 trematodes, 7 cestodes, 4 nematodes, 2 acanthocephalans, 1 mollusc, 1 branchiuran and 2 copepods (Ref. 5951). |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| วิธีการให้อาหาร | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Blegvad, H., 1917 |
| นิสัยในการกินอาหาร | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Blegvad, H., 1917 |
| Estimation method | ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม | ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง | ข้อสังเกต | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร | 3.31 | 0.18 | 3.41 | 0.39 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
| จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด | 3.38 | 0.46 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| อ้างอิง | Blegvad, H., 1917 | ||||