| Thông tin chủ yếu | Cohen, D.M., T. Inada, T. Iwamoto and N. Scialabba, 1990 |
|---|---|
| Các chú thích | Preyed upon by Atlantic cod and white hake. Parasites of the species include trichodinid protozoans on gills and coccidian, Eimeria gadi on swim bladder (Ref. 5951). See also Ref. 8999. |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
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|
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| Substrate | Soft Bottom |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Tài liệu tham khảo | Keats, D.W. and D.H. Steele, 1990 |
|---|---|
| Associations | solitary; schooling; |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | Having individual burrows (Ref. 32739). Larvae only drift and showed no evidence of vertical migration (Ref. 86779). Little known on behavior; local migrations inshore in autumn and offshore in spring (Ref. 232). |
| Parasitism |
| Dạng thức ăn | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.), 1986 |
| Nơi ăn mồi | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.), 1986 |
| Estimation method | Mẫu nguyên thủy (gốc) | Chủng quần không được khai thác | Chú thích | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Từ thành phần dinh dưỡng | 3.53 | 3.45 | 0.19 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| Từ các loại thức ăn | 3.29 | 0.59 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Tài liệu tham khảo | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||