| প্রধান সুত্র | McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998 |
|---|---|
| মন্তব্য সমূহ | Occurs from water's edge to 430 m depth; absent from shoal waters in south during warm months. Lives on all kinds of bottom (Ref. 27314). It tolerates a wide temperature range (1.2-20°C). Voracious predator(Ref. 5951); feeds on bivalve mollusks, squids, rock crabs, lobsters, shrimps, worms and fishes (Ref. 27314). Food also includes fishes like spiny dogfish, alewife, Atlantic herring, butterfish, sand lance, cunner, hakes and flatfishes. Parasites of the species include 1 turbellarian, 3 trematodes, 4 cestodes, 2 nematodes and 4 copepods, found on gills, skin and digestive tract; infestation is relatively severe (Ref. 5951). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
|
|
|
|
| Substrate | Soft Bottom Hard Bottom; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | |
| Special habitats | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| সূত্র | |
|---|---|
| Associations | |
| Associated with | |
| Association remarks | |
| Parasitism |
| খাওয়ানোর ধরণ | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998 |
| খাদ্যাভ্যাস | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998 |
| Estimation method | মূল নমুনা | অমাৎস্য প্রজন | মন্তব্য | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| খাদ্যউপাদান হইতে | 3.50 | 3.44 | 0.49 | Troph of adults from 1 study. | |
| পৃথক খাদ্য সামগ্রী হইতে | 4.09 | 0.71 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| সূত্র | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 | ||||